In 2019, 178 new HIV cases were diagnosed in Estonia (13.5 cases per 100,000 people). Among the new cases, the proportion of women was 37%. 53% of the new cases were discovered in Tallinn and 25% in Ida-Virumaa. Between 2010 and 2019, the number of new cases per year has decreased twice, but remains very high ( 2 ) . In the European Union, Estonia has been at the forefront in terms of the number of HIV cases per 100,000 people for twenty years ( 3 ). The share of heterosexual transmission of infection has increased (69% of known transmission routes of infection in 2019 were heterosexual), especially among women and over 29-year-olds. The proportion of cases spread through homosexual means has also increased (14% of the known ways of spreading the infection in 2019 were homosexual) ( 2 ) . In Estonia, nearly 200,000 people are examined for HIV infection every year, including blood donors and prisoners ( 2 ) . This is nearly 15% of the total population. If we compare the level of HIV testing in Estonia with other European Union countries where testing data are collected, our testing level is higher than average. In 2018, 85 people per 1,000 people were tested for HIV in Estonia (excluding anonymously tested persons and blood donors). At the same time, for example, 87 people per 1,000 people were tested in France, 64 in Belgium, 50 in Ireland, 47 in Latvia and 39 in Lithuania. 278 people were tested in Russia, 47 in Georgia and 44 in Ukraine per 1000 people ( 3 ) . Representatives of all professions come into contact with people infected with HIV. 2014-2015 2010 data on newly infected people with HIV showed that 82% of them had used health services in the two years before their HIV diagnosis (the average number of visits was nine). Only 16% of them had been tested for HIV at least once. At the same time, only 5% had been tested for HIV indicator conditions. 75% had visited a family doctor, but only 0.8% of visits had an HIV test ( 4 ) . In 2019, 7% of people who received health services were tested for HIV ( 5 ) . GPs tested 2% of their patients. In 2019, family doctors performed an average of 26 HIV tests per list. Less than 4% of the patients aged 16–49 in Harju County and Ida-Viru County had been tested by family doctors ( 5 ) . Women were tested significantly more than men (10% vs. 5%), mainly related to pregnancy monitoring (30% of all tests and 40% of HIV tests performed on women were related to pregnancy monitoring). The largest number of women (22%) and men (10%) aged 16–49 from Ida-Virumaa were tested. If you look at the number of people tested in health care in relation to the population, in Harjumaa and Ida-Virumaa, one tenth of women and about 5% of men were tested in 2019. 3% of medical bills with HIV indicator conditions had HIV tests ( 5 ) . Among the main risk groups, people who inject drugs (IDUs) and women involved in prostitution, levels of HIV testing and awareness of HIV infection are quite good, but lower among men who have sex with men (MSM) ( 2 ) . General practitioners tested 1% of their patients and specialists 8%. The highest proportion of HIV-tested patients was in Ida-Virumaa (9%) and among 16-49-year-olds (13%), while 16% among 16-49-year-olds in Ida-Virumaa. Women were tested significantly more than men (9% vs. 4%) and this was mainly related to pregnancy monitoring (30% of all tests and 40% of HIV tests performed on women were related to pregnancy monitoring). 3% of medical bills with HIV indicator conditions had HIV tests ( 5 ) . Among the main risk groups, people who inject drugs (IDUs) and women involved in prostitution, the level of HIV testing and awareness of HIV infection is quite good, but it is lower among men who have sex with men (MSM) ( 2 ) . Despite the good general level of testing, it is estimated that nearly a thousand people live in Estonia who have not yet been diagnosed with HIV infection ( 6 ) . On average, 6% of newly infected people with HIV are diagnosed with AIDS after three months, the proportion of which has increased over the last ten years ( 2 ) . Based on the 2019 data, late diagnoses were more common among heterosexually infected and older age groups ( 2 ) . Due to late diagnosis, treatment is delayed, quality of life deteriorates and treatment costs increase ( 7 ) . Furthermore, people who are unaware of their infection are much more likely to spread HIV than those who are aware (1 ) ( 8 ) . In Estonia, HIV testing guidelines have been in line with international recommendations for many years. HIV testing has always been possible in all medical specialties. Since 2016, based on current guidelines, it is also possible to test uninsured patients, and since 2017, family doctors have unlimited resources for HIV testing. Despite this, there are significant gaps in the early diagnosis of HIV. For testing to fulfill its purpose, guidelines and effective health management measures are needed. In this way, HIV infection can be diagnosed as early as possible and contribute to the prevention of its further spread.